CONTEXTS
Context 1: Grazing dry- pastoral (ruminants)
Environment
Oosting S.J., Udo, H.M.J. & Viets, T.C. 2014. “Development of livestock production in the tropics: Farm and farmers’ perspectives.” Animal 8: 1238–1248. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animal/article/development-of-livestock-production-in-the-tropics-farm-and-farmers-perspectives/06EE306EA498B6ADDCFF61ECC613DFEC
Fraval, S., Hammond, J., Lannerstad, M., Oosting, S.J., Sayula, G., Teufel, N., Silvestri, S., Poole, E.J., Herrero, M. & van Wijk, M.T. 2018. “Livelihoods and food security in an urban linked, high potential region of Tanzania: Changes over a three-year period.” Agricultural Systems (160): 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.10.013
Udo, H.M.J., Aklilu, H.A., Phong, L.T., Bosma, R.H., Budisatria, I.G.S., Patil, B.R., Samdup, T. & Bebe, B.O. 2011. “Impact of intensification of different types of livestock production in smallholder crop-livestock systems.” Livestock Science 139: 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.020Get
Oosting, S.J., Udo, H.M.J. & Viets, T.C. 2014. “Development of livestock production in the tropics: Farm and farmers’ perspectives.” Animal 8: 1238–1248. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24673769
Migose, S.A., Bebe, B.O., de Boer, I.J.M. & Oosting, S.J. 2018. “Influence of distance to urban markets on smallholder farming systems in Kenya.” Tropical Animal Health and Production 50: 1417–1426. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29594962
Van der Lee, J., Klerkx, L., Bebe, B.O., Mengistu, A. & Oosting, S. 2018. “Intensification and upgrading dynamics in emerging dairy clusters in the East African highlands.” Sustainability 10: 4324. doi:10.3390/su10114324.https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/11/4324
Descheemaeker, K., Amede, T. & Haileslassie, A. 2010. “Improving water productivity in mixed crop–livestock farming systems of Sub-Saharan Africa.” Agricultural Water Management 97: 579–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.11.012
Animal Health
Blench, Roger. “Extensive Pastoral Livestock Systems: Issues and Options for the Future.” FAO-Japan Cooperative Project, 1999. http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/5313/Blench.pdf?sequence=1.
Boone, Randall B., Michael B. Coughenour, Kathleen A. Galvin, and James E. Ellis. “Addressing Management Questions for Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania, Using the Savanna Modelling System.” African Journal of Ecology 40, no. 2 (2002): 138–50. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2028.2002.00357.x.
Chengula, A., R. H. Mdegela, and C. J. Kasanga. “Awareness, Knowledge and Practice of Pastoralists and Agro- Pastoralists towards Livestock Diseases Affecting Domestic Animals in Arusha, Manyara and Morogoro Regions, Tanzania,” 2013. http://www.suaire.sua.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1354.
Coppolillo, Peter. “A Preliminary Situation Analysis for the Rungwa-Tuaha Landscape, Tanzania.” WWF International, 2004. http://www.coppolillo.com/uploads/1/1/2/3/11231708/wwf-report-situationanalysis30sep04.pdf.
Gould, E. A., and S. Higgs. “Impact of Climate Change and Other Factors on Emerging Arbovirus Diseases.” Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 109–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.07.025.
Gustafson, Christopher R., Elizabeth VanWormer, Rudovick Kazwala, Asha Makweta, Goodluck Paul, Woutrina Smith, and Jonna AK Mazet. “Educating Pastoralists and Extension Officers on Diverse Livestock Diseases in a Changing Environment in Tanzania.” Pastoralism 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2015): 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-014-0022-5.
Martin, V, V Chevalier, P Ceccato, A Anyamba, L De Simone, J Lubroth, S de La Rocque, and J Domenech. “The Impact of Climate Change on the Epidemiology and Control of Rift Valley Fever,” n.d., 14.
Mazet, Jonna A. K., Deana L. Clifford, Peter B. Coppolillo, Anil B. Deolalikar, Jon D. Erickson, and Rudovick R. Kazwala. “A ‘One Health’ Approach to Address Emerging Zoonoses: The HALI Project in Tanzania.” PLOS Medicine 6, no. 12 (December 15, 2009): e1000190. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000190.
McGahey, Daniel J. “Livestock Mobility and Animal Health Policy in Southern Africa: The Impact of Veterinary Cordon Fences on Pastoralists.” Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice 1, no. 1 (June 24, 2011): 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/2041-7136-1-14.
Ostfeld, Richard S. “Climate Change and the Distribution and Intensity of Infectious Diseases.” Ecology 90, no. 4 (April 2009): 903–5. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0659.1.
Patz, Jonathan A., Thaddeus K. Graczyk, Nina Geller, and Amy Y. Vittor. “Effects of Environmental Change on Emerging Parasitic Diseases.” International Journal for Parasitology, Thematic Issue: Emerging Parasite Zoonoses, 30, no. 12 (November 1, 2000): 1395–1405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00141-7.
Schelling, Esther, Kaspar Wyss, Mahamat Béchir, Daugla Doumagoum Moto, and Jakob Zinsstag. “Synergy between Public Health and Veterinary Services to Deliver Human and Animal Health Interventions in Rural Low Income Settings.” BMJ 331, no. 7527 (November 24, 2005): 1264–67. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7527.1264.
Scoones, Ian, Alec Bishi, Neo Mapitse, Rebone Moerane, Mary-Louise Penrith, Ronny Sibanda, G. R. (Gavin) Thomson, and William Wolmer. “Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Market Access : Challenges for the Beef Industry in Southern Africa,” July 2010. https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/16879.
Thornton, P. K., J. van de Steeg, A. Notenbaert, and M. Herrero. “The Impacts of Climate Change on Livestock and Livestock Systems in Developing Countries: A Review of What We Know and What We Need to Know.” Agricultural Systems 101, no. 3 (July 1, 2009): 113–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2009.05.002.
VanderWaal, Kimberly, Marie Gilbertson, Sharon Okanga, Brian F. Allan, and Meggan E. Craft. “Seasonality and Pathogen Transmission in Pastoral Cattle Contact Networks.” Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 12 (December 6, 2017). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170808.
Context 2: Grazing temperate (ruminants)
Environment
Tamou, C., Ripoll-Bosch, R., de Boer, I.J.M. & Oosting, S.J. 2018. “Pastoralists in a changing environment: The competition for grazing land in and around the W Biosphere Reserve, Benin Republic.” Ambio 47: 340–354. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28936804
Ayantunde, A.A., de Leeuw, J., Turner, M.D. & Said, M. 2011. “Challenges of assessing the sustainability of (agro)-pastoral systems.” Livestock Science 139: 30–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.019
Reid, R.S., Thornton, P.K., McCrabb, G.J., Kruska, R.L., Atieno, F. & Jones, P.G. 2004. “Is it possible to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in pastoral ecosystems of the tropics?” Environment, Development and Sustainability 6: 91–109. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:ENVI.0000003631.43271.6b
Adriansen, H.K. 2008. “Understanding pastoral mobility: The case of Senegalese Fulani.” The Geographical Journal 174: 207–222. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40205234?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
Dahl, G. & Hjort, A. 1976. Having herds: Pastoral herd growth and household economy. Department of Social Anthropology, Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology, Stockholm. https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1979.81.2.02a00670
Udo, H., Weiler, V., Modupeore, O., Viets, T.C. & Oosting, S.J. 2016. “Intensification to reduce the carbon footprint of smallholder milk production: Fact or fiction?” Outlook on Agriculture 45: 33–38. https://doi.org/10.5367/oa.2016.0229
Animal Health
Animal Agriculture. “Pasture Management and Problems While Grazing | Animal Agriculture | Washington State University.” Accessed June 30, 2020. https://extension.wsu.edu/animalag/content/pasture-management-and-problems-while-grazing/.
Penn State. “Beef Herd Health.” Penn State Extension. Accessed June 30, 2020. https://extension.psu.edu/beef-herd-health.
USDA. “Cow-Calf Industry Manual.” Iowa State University/USDA, 2012. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/pdf/fad-prep-nahems-cow-calf-industry-manual.
Context 3: Grazing sub-humid (ruminants)
Environment
FAO. 2018. The state of the world’s forests — forest pathways to sustainable development. FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/policy-support/resources/resources-details/en/c/1144279/
Osinaga, N.A., Alvarez, C.R. & Taboada, M.A. 2018. “Effect of deforestation and subsequent land use management on soil carbon stocks in the South American Chaco.” Soil 4: 251–257. https://www.soil-journal.net/4/251/2018/soil-4-251-2018-discussion.html
Holmann, F., Rivas, L., Urbina, N., Giraldo, L., Guzman, S., Martinez, M., Rivera, B., Medina, A. & Ramírez, G. 2005. “The role of livestock in poverty alleviation: An analysis of Colombia.” Livestock Research for Rural Development 17 (1). https://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd17/1/holm17011.htm
Murgueitio, E., Calle, Z., Uribe, F., Calle, A. & Solorio, B. 2011. “Native trees and shrubs for the productive rehabilitation of tropical cattle ranching lands.” Forest Ecology and Management 261: 1654–1663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.027
IPCC. 2000. Land use, land use change and forestry. Eds. R.T. Watson, I.R. Noble, B. Bolin, R.H. Ravindranath, D.J. Verardo & D.J. Dokken. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://unfccc.int/topics/land-use/workstreams/land-use--land-use-change-and-forestry-lulucf
Van Langevelde, F., van de Vijver, C.A.D.M., Kumar, L., van de Koppel, J., de Ridder, N., van Andel, J., Skidmore, A.K., Hearne, J.W., Stroosnijder, L., Bond, W.J., Prins, H.H.T. & Rietkerk, M. 2003. “Effects of fire and herbivory on the stability of savanna ecosystems.” Ecology 84: 337. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0337:EOFAHO]2.0.CO;2
De Vries, M. & de Boer, I.J.M. 2010. “Comparing environmental impacts for livestock products: A review of life cycle assessments.” Livestock Science 128: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.007
Van Zanten, H.H.E., Mollenhorst, H., Klootwijk, C.W., van Middelaar, C.E. & de Boer, I.J.M. 2016. “Global food supply: Land use efficiency of livestock systems.” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 21: 747–758. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-015-0944-1
Animal Health
Arellano-Sota, C., 1988. Vampire bat-transmitted rabies in cattle. Rev. Infect. Dis. 10, S707–S709. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/10.Supplement_4.S707
FAO, 1998. Livestock on grazing lands [WWW Document]. Livest. Environ. - Meet. Chall. URL http://www.fao.org/3/x5304e/x5304e00.htm#Contents (accessed 7.1.20).
Fynn, R.W.S., Augustine, D.J., Peel, M.J.S., de Garine-Wichatitsky, M., 2016. REVIEW: Strategic management of livestock to improve biodiversity conservation in African savannahs: A conceptual basis for wildlife-livestock coexistence. J. Appl. Ecol. 53, 388–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12591
Lee, D.N., Papeş, M., van Den Bussche, R.A., 2012. Present and potential future distribution of common Vampire bats in the Americas and the associated risk to cattle. PLoS One 7, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042466
Thomson, G.R., 2009. Currently important animal disease management issues in sub-Saharan Africa. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 76, 129–134. https://doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v76i1.76
WAHIS-OIE, 2020. WAHIS [WWW Document]. World Anim. Heal. Inf. Database Interface. URL https://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Wahidhome/Home/indexcontent/newlang/en
Context 4: Mixed-crop livestock, dry (ruminants)
Environment
Van Langevelde, F., van de Vijver, C.A.D.M., Kumar, L., van de Koppel, J., de Ridder, N., van Andel, J., Skidmore, A.K., Hearne, J.W., Stroosnijder, L., Bond, W.J., Prins, H.H.T. & Rietkerk, M. 2003. “Effects of fire and herbivory on the stability of savanna ecosystems.” Ecology 84: 337. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0337:EOFAHO]2.0.CO;2
De Vries, M. & de Boer, I.J.M. 2010. “Comparing environmental impacts for livestock products: A review of life cycle assessments.” Livestock Science 128: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.007
Van Zanten, H.H.E., Mollenhorst, H., Klootwijk, C.W., van Middelaar, C.E. & de Boer, I.J.M. 2016. “Global food supply: Land use efficiency of livestock systems.” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 21: 747–758. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-015-0944-1
Animal Health
Smuts GL. Interrelations between predators, prey, and their environment. Bioscience. 1978;28: 316–320.
Hernandez A, Berg C, Westin R, Galina C. Seasonal Differences in Animal Welfare Assessment of Family Farming Dual-Purpose Cattle Raised under Tropical Conditions. Animals (Basel). 2018;8(7):125. Published 2018 Jul 21. doi:10.3390/ani8070125
World Bank and FAO, 2018. Somalia Country economic memoramdum. Rebuillding resilient and sustainable agriculture in Somalia.
Yimer E, Koopman S, Tsehaynesh M, Wolday D, Newayeselassie B, Gessese, Neway, et al. Human leptospirosis, in Ethiopia: a pilot study in Wonji. EthiopJHealth Dev. 2004;18(1):48–51
Boqvist S, Chau BL, Gunnarsson A, Olsson Engvall E, Vågsholm I, Magnusson U. Animal- and herd-level risk factors for leptospiral seropositivity among sows in the Mekong delta, Vietnam. Prev Vet Med. 2002 Mar 14;53(3):233-45. doi: 10.1016/s0167-5877(01)00263-x. PMID: 11830296.
Lindahl E, Boqvist S, Artursson K, Magnusson U. A field-study on Leptospira seroprevalence in dairy cows in four geographical areas in Sweden. Acta Vet Scand. 2011 Oct 12;53(1):53. doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-53. PMID: 21992513; PMCID: PMC3219596.
Rajala EL, Sattorov N, Boqvist S, Magnusson U. Bovine leptospirosis in urban and peri-urban dairy farming in low income countries: a "One Health" issue? Acta Vet Scand. 2017 Dec 12;59(1):83. doi: 10.1186/s13028-017-0352-6. PMID: 29233193; PMCID: PMC5727926
Context 5: Mixed-crop livestock, humid (monogastrics)
Environment
Aklilu, H.A. 2007. Village poultry in Ethiopia. Socio-technical analysis and learning with farmers. PhD thesis Wageningen University, Wageningen. 178 pp. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/81579
Udo, H.M.J., Aklilu, H.A., Phong, L.T., Bosma, R.H., Budisatria, I.G.S., Patil, B.R., Samdup, T. & Bebe, B.O. 2011. “Impact of intensification of different types of livestock production in smallholder crop-livestock systems.” Livestock Science 139: 22–30. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S187114131100103X
Van Zanten, H.H.E., Mollenhorst, H., Klootwijk, C.W., van Middelaar, C.E. & de Boer, I.J.M. 2016. “Global food supply: Land use efficiency of livestock systems.” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 21: 747–758. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-015-0944-1
Animal Health
Patterson L, Navarro-Gonzalez N, Jay-Russell MT, Aminabadi P, Antaki-Zukoski E, Pires AFA. Persistence of Escherichia coli in the soil of an organic mixed crop-livestock farm that integrates sheep grazing within vegetable fields. Zoonoses Public Health. 2018;65(7):887-896. doi:10.1111/zph.12503
Salaheen S, Chowdhury N, Hanning I, Biswas D. Zoonotic bacterial pathogens and mixed crop-livestock farming. Poult Sci. 2015;94(6):1398-1410. doi:10.3382/ps/peu055
Svendsen J, Svendsen LS. Intensive (commercial) systems for breeding sows and piglets to weaning. Livest Prod Sci. 1997;49:165–79. doi: 10.1016/S0301-6226(97)00012-2.
Cameron RDA. A review of the industrialisation of pig production worldwide with particular reference to the Asian region [Internet]. Anim. Prod. Health. 2000. Available from: http://www.fao.org/Ag/againfo/themes/en/pigs/production.html.. Accessed 20 Dec 2014.
Kaewpitoon N. Food-borne parasitic zoonosis: distribution of trichinosis in Thailand. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14:3471. doi: 10.3748/wjg.14.3471. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
FAO, 2020. Emergency Prevention System (EMPRES) for Transboundary Animal (TADs) ASF situation in Asia update. Available from: http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/ASF/FAO_recomm.html
Context 6: Intensive (monogastrics & ruminants)
Environment
Bosma, R.H., Nam, C.Q., Udo, H.M.J., Verreth, J.A.J. & Visser, L.E. 2006. “Farmers’ motives for agriculture diversification and its contribution to livelihoods in the Mekong Delta.” Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 2: 49–66. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=PH2008001465
Oosting, S.J., Udo, H.M.J. & Viets, T.C. 2014. “Development of livestock production in the tropics: Farm and farmers’ perspectives.” Animal 8: 1238–1248. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24673769
Phong, L.T., de Boer, I.J.M. & Udo, H.M.J. 2011. “Life cycle analysis of food production in integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems of the Mekomg Delta.” Livestock Science 139: 80–90. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1871141311000989
Van Zanten, H.H.E., Mollenhorst, H., Klootwijk, C.W., van Middelaar, C.E. & de Boer, I.J.M. 2016. “Global food supply: Land use efficiency of livestock systems.” International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 21: 747–758. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-015-0944-1
Animal Health
Diaz-Gonzalez F, Callaway TR, Kizoulis MG, Russell JB. Grain feeding and the dissemination of acid-resistant Escherichia coli from cattle. Science. 1998;281(5383):1666-1668. doi:10.1126/science.281.5383.1666
Hovde CJ, Austin PR, Cloud KA, Williams CJ, Hunt CW. Effect of cattle diet on Escherichia coli O157:H7 acid resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1999;65(7):3233-3235.
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. “A Closer Look at Animals on Factory Farms.” ASPCA (n.d.) Retrieved March 7, 2019, from https://www.aspca.org/fight-cruelty/farm-animal-cruelty/pigs-factory-farms
OIE, 2020. About Food Safety. Access on line: https://www.oie.int/en/food-safety/animal-production-food-safety/
PRINCIPLES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Roos, E., Bojana, B., Smith, E., Patel, M., Little, D., & Garnett, T. 2017. “Greedy or needy? Land use and climate impacts of food in 2050 under different livestock futures.” Global Environmental Change 47: 1–12.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.09.001
Bajželj, B., Richards, K.S., Allwood, J.M., Smith, P., Dennis, J.S., Curmi, E., & Gilligan, C.A. 2014. “Importance of food-demand management for climate mitigation.” Nature Climate Change 4 (10): 924–929. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2353.
Davis, K.F., Gephart, J.A., Emery, K.A., et al. 2016. “Meeting future food demand with current agricultural resources.” Global Environmental Change 39: 125–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.004.
Erb, K.-H., Lauk, C., Kastner, T., Mayer, A., Theurl, M.C. & Haberl, H. 2016. “Exploring the biophysical option space for feeding the world without deforestation.” Nature Communications 7: 11382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11382.
Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., et al. 2010. “Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people.” Science 327 (5967): 812–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1185383.
Popp, A., Lotze-Campen, H. & Bodirsky, B. 2010. “Food consumption, diet shifts and associated non-CO2 greenhouse gases from agricultural production.” Global Environmental Change 20 (3): 451–462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.02.001.
Tilman, D. & Clark, M. 2014. “Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health.” Nature 515 (7528): 518–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature13959.
Poore, J., & Nemecek, T. 2018. “Reducing food’s environmental impacts through producers and consumers.” Science 360 (6392): 987–992. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0216.
Springmann, M., Clark, M., Mason-D’Croz, D., Wiebe, K., Bodirsky, B.L., Lassaletta, L., de Vries, W., et al. 2018. “Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits.” Nature 562 (7728): 519. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0594-0.
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Phong L.T., de Boer, I.J.M. & Udo, H.M.J. 2011. “Life cycle analysis of food production in integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems of the Mekong Delta.” Livestock Science 139: 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.015
Garnett, T., Godde, C., Muller, A., Roos, E., Smith, P., de Boer, I., zu Ermgassen, E., et al. 2017. “Grazed and confused.” Food Climate Research Network, Oxford. https://fcrn.org.uk/sites/default/files/project-files/fcrn_gnc_report.pdf
FAO. 2016. The state of food and agriculture 2016. FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/publications/sofa/2016/en/.
Henderson, B.B., Gerber, P. J., Hilinski, T. E., Falcucci, A., Ojima, D. S., Salvatore, M., & Conant, R. T. 2015. “Greenhouse gas mitigation potential of the world’s grazing lands: Modeling soil carbon and nitrogen fluxes of mitigation practices.” Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 207: 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.03.029
Herrero, M., Henderson, B., Havlik, P., Thornton, P. K., Coonant, R. T., Smith, P., Wirsenius, S., Hristov, A.N., Gerber, P., Gill, M., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Valin, H., Garnett, T. & Stehfest, E. 2016. “Greenhouse gas mitigation potentials in the livestock sector.” Nature Climate Change 6: 452–461. https://www.nature.com/articles/nclimate2925
IPCC. 2014. “Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles.” Climate Change 2013 — the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.015.
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Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2013. “Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions in livestock production: A review of technical options for non-CO2 emissions.” FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/i3288e/i3288e00.htm.
Smith, P., Martino, D., Cai, Z., Gwary, D., Janzen, H., Kumar, P., McCarl, B., et al. 2008. “Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363 (1492): 789–813. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2184.
FAO. 2012. “Balanced feeding for improving livestock productivity — increase in milk production and nutrient use efficiency and decrease in methane emission.” FAO, Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/i3014e/i3014e00.htm.
Crowe, M.A., Hostens, M. & Opsomer, G. 2018. “Reproductive management in dairy cows — the future.” Irish Veterinary Journal 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-017-0112-y.
International Atomic Energy Agency. 2007. “Improving the reproductive management of dairy cattle subjected to artificial insemination.” TECDOC Series 1533. Vienna. https://www.iaea.org/publications/7487/improving-the-reproductive-management-of-dairy-cattle-subjected-to-artificial-insemination.
Udo. H.M.J., Aklilu, H.A., Phong, L.T., Bosma, R.H., Budisatria, I.G.S., Patil, B.R., Samdup, T. & Bebe, B.O. 2011. “Impact of intensification of different types of livestock production in smallholder crop-livestock systems.” Livestock Science 139: 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.03.020
Alcock, D. J. & Hegarty, R. S. 2011. “Potential effects of animal management and genetic improvement on enteric methane emissions, emissions intensity and productivity of sheep enterprises at Cowra, Australia.” Animal Feed Science and Technology. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201400016718.
Perman, R., Ma, Y., McGilvray, J. & Common, M. 2003. Natural Resource and Environmental Economics. 3rd edition. Pearson, Harlow.
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Eisler, M.C., Lee, M.R.F., Tarlton, J.F., Martin, G.B., Beddington, J., Dungait, J.A.J., Greathead, H., et al. 2014. “Agriculture: Steps to sustainable livestock.” Nature News 507 (7490): 32. https://doi.org/10.1038/507032a.
Galloway, J.N., Burke, M., Bradford, G. E., Naylor, R., Falcon, W., Chapagain, A.K., Gaskell, J.C., et al. 2007. “International trade in meat: The tip of the pork chop.” Ambio 36 (8): 622–629. https://waterfootprint.org/media/downloads/Galloway-et-al-2007.pdf
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SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES
Environment
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Animal Health